More and more publications and scientific journals are switching to an online-only format, and some of these rely on PDFs as their main mediums. (Aronson, 1999) How to cite an online-only PDF in APA format In APA format, PDF in-text citations should look like this: Elliot-Aronson-The-social-animal-Worth-Publishers-1999.pdf For example, if you wanted to cite an online PDF of Elliot Aronson’s book The Social Animal, you would use the same formula as for a hard copy of the book, with the URL added at the end.Īronson, E. Regardless, when citing online PDFs use the same formula as the PDF’s source, with the addition of the URL. These can be scanned copies of physical books or digital equivalents published simultaneously as hard copies. When writing research papers, you’ll often find online PDF versions of in-print publications. How to cite an online PDF of an in-print publication in APA format Try it for tricky APA citations like anthologies, encyclopedias, and keynote speeches. Here’s a tip: Grammarly’s Citation Generator ensures your essays have flawless citations and no plagiarism. Instead, cite the PDF document as you would a personal communication. If the PDF is not public or even published, such as lecture notes or course documents, it won’t have a URL. If you need extra time to track down the original, you may want to ask your professor for an extension. If you can’t find a URL, try citing the source as its original version, such as a physical book or journal article. Keep in mind that specific source types may require additional information, such as volume or issue numbers for scientific journals.Īs mentioned earlier, citing a PDF in APA format requires a URL. These formulas work for PDFs as both primary and secondary sources. (Last name of author, Year of publication) In APA format, PDF in-text citations should follow this formula: If you’re familiar with how to write a research paper, you know that you’ll also need in-text citations. In-text, however, use the standard title case. In APA reference citations, titles use the sentence case except for periodicals ( newspapers, magazines, scholarly journals, etc.), so capitalize only the first word of a title, the first word after a colon, or proper nouns. Last name of author, First name initials. Go further and read the abstracts of these sources to search for relevant sources quickly.Grammarly helps you communicate confidently Write with Grammarly In general, to cite a PDF in APA format, use the same formula as you would to cite a website in APA format : Rather than just looking for accessible online sources, finding primary sources in doctoral and master’s theses shows off your research skills. Using a variety of sources makes the research process more enjoyable. So, take the time to look through the reference list, works cited, or bibliography of secondary sources to find additional resources for your paper. Even so, it’s a good idea to incorporate secondary sources into your research. Teachers prefer you to use as many primary sources as possible when creating a thesis or dissertation in APA format. Primary and Secondary Sources in a Thesis and Dissertation Additionally, a published dissertation might also provide an indicator that it is in a published form. In comparison, published dissertations offer more venues for access like databases and archives. However, an unpublished dissertation or thesis is typically only available in your school library. Knowing whether a dissertation or thesis is published or unpublished is a bit ticky. Difference Between a Published and Unpublished Dissertation Usually, you have access to paid databases through your school and/or public library. Some dissertation indexing and abstracting sources include Dissertations and Theses Global and ProQuest Dissertations. Although there is a trend towards creating a portfolio rather than publishing a master’s thesis, there is still plenty of original material out there. Some even publish their work on their websites. Many graduate and postgraduate students submit their theses to subscription databases and institutional archives. Where to Find APA Thesis and Dissertation Citation Information Secondly, you need to see if it is published or unpublished. When it comes to citing, you need to know whether it is a dissertation or thesis (it will say in the document). Now that you’ve seen some basic examples, it’s time to look at where you find this information. Information Needed for an APA Dissertation or Thesis Citation When the dissertation is found in an archive or database, follow the format for a published dissertation.The format for an unpublished dissertation or thesis at the master’s or doctoral levels can also be adapted for an undergraduate thesis.
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